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Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion
Acute otitis media (AOM): rapid onset of signs and symptoms of middle-ear inflammation with a distinct bulging tympanic membrane (TM), often accompanied by fever, otalgia, and T…
All subspecialties
Pediatric Otolaryngology
Board-review topics in Pediatric Otolaryngology.
18 topics
High-yield
Adenoidectomy and Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is the complete surgical removal of the palatine tonsils from the tonsillar fossa; the most common major surgery performed in children in the United States (~500,0…
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Aerodigestive Foreign Bodies and Caustic Ingestions
Airway (laryngotracheal/bronchial) foreign body aspiration is a leading cause of accidental death in children <3 years; peak incidence 1-3 years Esophageal foreign body ingestio…
Ankyloglossia and Tight Maxillary Frenula
Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) is a congenital anomaly characterized by an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts tongue mobility Prevalence: 4-10% of…
Cleft Lip and Palate
Cleft lip (CL): congenital defect involving a gap or discontinuity in the upper lip, resulting from failure of fusion of the medial nasal and maxillary prominences during weeks …
Congenital and Inflammatory Neck Masses in Children
Congenital neck masses: developmental anomalies present from birth (though may not manifest clinically until later childhood or adulthood) arising from embryologic remnants of t…
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Diagnosis and Management of Tracheal Anomalies and Stenosis
Tracheal stenosis is a narrowing of the tracheal lumen that may be congenital (complete tracheal rings) or acquired (post-intubation, post-tracheotomy) Congenital tracheal steno…
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Glottic and Subglottic Stenosis in Pediatrics
Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is narrowing of the subglottic airway (from the undersurface of the true vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage) The cricoid is th…
Laryngotracheal Clefts
Laryngotracheal cleft (LTC) is a rare congenital midline deficiency of the posterior laryngeal and/or tracheal wall, creating an abnormal communication between the airway and th…
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Pediatric Airway Evaluation and Management
Pediatric airway disorders encompass congenital and acquired conditions affecting the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi in children, presenting most commonly with stri…
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Pediatric Head and Neck Neoplasms
Pediatric head and neck neoplasms encompass a diverse group of benign and malignant tumors occurring in the cervicofacial region in patients ≤18 years Head and neck malignancies…
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Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB): spectrum of disorders characterized by abnormal respiratory patterns or abnormal gas exchange during sleep, ranging from primary snoring to obs…
Pediatric Swallowing GERD and Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Pediatric dysphagia encompasses feeding and swallowing disorders from the oral preparatory phase through esophageal transit; affects 25-45% of typically developing children and …
High-yield
Pediatric Tracheotomy and Decannulation
Pediatric tracheotomy is the creation of a surgical opening in the anterior tracheal wall (typically between the 2nd and 4th tracheal rings) to establish a secure airway in chil…
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Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign neoplastic disease characterized by recurrent exophytic squamous papillomas of the aerodigestive tract, most commonly the …
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Retropharyngeal Abscess
Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is a deep neck space infection involving the retropharyngeal space — the midline potential space posterior to the pharynx and esophagus, extending …
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Salivary Gland Disease in Children
Pediatric salivary gland disease encompasses inflammatory, infectious, congenital, and neoplastic conditions affecting the major (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) and minor s…
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Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Drooling
Sialorrhea (drooling) is the unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth; anterior drooling refers to visible spillage from the mouth, while posterior drooling refers to pooling…